Dear Jiun, my sister in law,


We would be still sister in law in our next life. You are forever my dearest sister in law.

Your younger sister Kwang Xun.
2015 Spring Festival, Lunar New Year

Dear elder brother Kwang Chu,


We will still be sister and brother in our next life. You are forever my dearest elder brother.


Your younger sister Kwang Xun.

2015 Spring Festival, Lunar New Year.       

Dear Howard and Bernard:

Attached please find the fully executed endowment agreement establishing The Professor K.C. Chao and Jiun Chao Graduate Education Endowment, which will fund Chao Graduate Student Travel Awards, making it possible for graduate students to attend conferences where their work is shared with leading scholars in their respective fields. Priority will be given to those students presenting their very first paper at a conference.

Now that the endowment agreement has been finalized, I plan to communicate the endowment’s name and purpose to your father’s PhD students, as well as members of our School of Chemical Engineering Ambassadors Club and current and emeritus School of Chemical Engineering faculty. While more than $100,000 in gift and pledge commitments has already been received, I will let them know that they are certainly welcome to provide additional support for the endowment going forward.

Please feel free to spread the word to those within your network of family and friends as well.

Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns at this point.

All the best from West Lafayette – 

Sincerely,

David

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

David M. Williams

Purdue Research Foundation

Senior Director of Development

School of Chemical Engineering

Forney Hall of Chemical Engineering, Room 1060B

480 Stadium Mall Drive

West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100

Office     (765) 494-4065

Cell          (765) 427-0527

dmwilliams@prf.org

www.engineering.purdue.edu/ChE

Here is a link to a video interview in Chinese with Dad about his school days, provided by Zhejiang University Alumni Association, who did the interview only a few months before he passed away.  

https://www.dropbox.com/s/mvz6uem975scejt/ZGX.mp4

My Mother

By KwangChu Chao

2001

            My mother’s name is Chou Yu-Pu (周裕璞). She was born on October 29, 1897, the eldest child of the family and the only child of her mother who died young. Her stepmother was the maternal grandmother that I knew. She had five children of her own. The younger sons were of the same age group as my older brothers. The young uncles were like cousins to us.

            Chou O Lou (周__樓) is my grandfather on my mother’s side. He was the manager of a Bank of Sichuan branch office in a city in Sichuan for all the years that I knew him. He was moved from one city to another, but the family stayed in Chongqing in the suburb. Our visits to the family were the few rare occasions I had as a child to get out of the city. Every time we made the trip, I was exhilarated to see the countryside: the rice paddies, the trees, the buffalo, the chickens and ducks, …

            When young in the late nineteenth century WaiGong (maternal grandpa) was a youth of the new progressive generation, actively promoting modernization. He was in a youth delegation sent to Peking to petition modernization. Bank of Sichuan was a modern institution and he became involved with the bank as his life career. By the time my mother was getting married, he was at the height of his career and was quite well off. Mother was given a generous dowry. Later, when my aunt five and aunt six got married, some of mother’s dowry was split to supplement their dowries, I was told by mother.

            My mother’s brothers no.3, and no.5 and sisters no.4 and no.5 all worked in the bank. My brother Guang-Ren’s (廣潤) wife Chou Yu-Fen (周鬱芬) also worked in a bank all her life; she was introduced to Guang-Ren by my auntie no. 4. Since Chongqing is the commercial and industrial center of Sichuan, most people living in Chonqing are in business. Many of my relatives were in banks or in some other businesses.

            ShiGiu (uncle four) was the exception of the family for not going into banking. Instead he became a civil engineer upon graduating from Chongqing University. He started to teach several years after graduation, and was with the Chongqing College of Architecture and Engineering as his life career.

             My mother was a graduate of the Number Two Women’s Normal School in Chongqing. It was rare for girls to be sent to school in those days. Since my mother did not have her natural mother to care for her, her father was especially protective of her; so she was sent to the normal school. With her training in education, she always paid special attention to the education of her children. Her children were sent to good schools, and she followed their progress in school closely. The children all had tutors during the summer vacations. The tutors would come to our house to teach us Chinese classics. It was felt that with modernization Chinese classics were become neglected.  Before the teacher arrived we would practice calligraphy for hours. We probably had tutoring in English, but I am not sure. All her children eventually attended college, which was rare in those days.

            Mother was the center of the family. She ran the house, did all purchases, hired and supervised the servants, and took care of the children. Father was not home much. It seemed that office hours were long in those days with six working days a week. On Sundays the post office workers took turns to be on office duty. My father did not have dinner with the family a lot. On such occasions mother would just say Dad has a social function. Regularly father returned home late and left for office early in the morning. Naturally mother was in charge. Mother was always busy in the house. 

            Mother made much of the clothing for the children. In the days when we were children, we did not buy much of our clothes from stores, not much more than the school uniforms. For long hours she cut and sewed. She knitted the sweaters. She made shoes from cloth. The work for making cloth shoes is particularly onerous. To make the sole requires pasting together with starch paste many layers of cloth and after the paste is dried sewing through the cloth layers with a strong needle, which is hard on the fingers. To make the top of the shoes also requires pasting layers of cloth together, thought not as many as for the sole, and then sewing them at the edges to the sole. Mother also hired tailors to work in the house to make the better clothes such as father’s gowns, jackets, and mother’s dresses, and their furs, there being no ready made clothes. Furs were quite common and used in making clothes, blankets, and seat covers much more than now. People loved greatly to wear furs in the winter to keep warm in the house because there being no house heating. Fur was plenty because games were plenty. I recall the games given to us in my childhood years by Dad’s colleagues who worked in the counties away from Chongqing. We’d have pheasants, wild ducks, rabbits, boar, venison and the like for dinner from time to time. We were cautioned not to bite the lead shots or to swallow them. We never had any games as the war years approached, and the great population surge of Sichuan and particularly  of Chongqing started to happen. 

            While making the clothes, she might at the same time be tending the cloth dryer, which was made of  bamboo and was like a basket inverted and placed on top of a charcoal burner. The wet clothes would be spread out on top of the basket. The laundering was done by the maid by hand, but mother did much of the drying. I still remember the smell of wet steam coming out of the drying clothes as I stepped into the room in the winter. The smell from wet diapers was distinctive.

            Mother worked hard as a young wife taking care of the extended family. The grand parents always lived with us, but never with the big uncle, even after he built a big house close to ours in the suburb. WuLaoTze (aunty five on my father’s side) also stayed with us for extended periods after she was divorced. I would think that father must be the favorite son. Father would see the grandparents daily to say goodbye before leaving for work in the morning. Upon returning home in the evening, father would go to grandparents’ room to report that he was back. Father never stepped into the kitchen. Grandfather would never be seen in the kitchen either. Food and kitchen belong to the women, that is, mother. It was for mother to put food on the table. As far as I can recall we always had several servants in the house. Servants report to mother; mother tells them what to do. In the pre-war years we had two male servants: a cook and a gardener; and two female servants: an adult maid and a juvenile teenage maid.

Food was prepared by the cook when father was not home. It was good food. But when father was home, the food had to be special. The cook would do the preparation and the maid would come to the dining room to tell mother that the preparatory work was done. Would the mistress please go to the kitchen. She’d go to the kitchen to put the food in the wok and put the finishing touches on the dishes. I have always thought mother to be the best chef in the world, although I suspect there is some bias. She did not learn it from teachers, there being no cooking classes or schools. I believe she taught herself. She had the opportunity to have good food. There was a lot of entertainment, a lot of dinner parties in the old days before the war and plenty of places where good food was served. She had the palate to appreciate good food. Her husband had the palate to appreciate her food. There was the right combination to make her a good cook. 

            Although an excellent cook, mother had a preference for simple foods. When by herself she might just have some pickled vegetables and a bowl of rice in black tea. She made her own pickled foods and she had many pickling pots. She kept one or two rooms full of these pots. Her pickles were different from what you could buy on the market. She uses a rich mixture of spices in the pickle: salt, strong liquor (like vodka, or gin), a bit of red hot pepper, ginger, and HuaJia.  The last is a native pepper that grows on a bush in the woods. Its pleasant mild flavor comes with a gentle sting to the tongue that camouflages an anesthetic effect. As far as I know, HuaJia is not found anywhere else but Sichuan. It is a distinctive flavor of Sichuan cuisine.

Mother could not tolerate hot (pepper hot) foods. It must be an allergy although we did not use such a term. She reacted to hot food by forming blisters in her mouth. Since she avoided all hot foods, the children learned not to touch them either. The taste of the family was exceptional in Sichuan where hot food was the norm.

A big change took place when the family moved to Kweiyang to live in about 1919 – 1921 as my father was transferred there. It was a regular part of the career of the postal worker to be transferred all over the country. But travel to Kweiyang was anything but a regular transfer. The roads were unsafe.  As soon as one is on the road out of the big cities, one could not be assured not to run into bandits. Means of transportation were primitive. The only conveyance was sedan chair placed on two bamboo poles borne on the shoulders of porters. The rate of progress was about 20 miles or so a day. It took several weeks to cover the distance from Chongqing to Kweiyang which would be covered in one day or less by train now. Where to lodge at night? The roadside inns were notorious for the bedbugs and fleas. On at least one occasion mother was abandoned in the sedan with her son (my big brother GuangJun) while on the road in the open country as the porters fled upon being warned of approaching bandits.

Life in Kweiyang must have been simple but idyllic, being at the capital of Kweizhou province, one of the most undeveloped and most isolated provinces. Mother told stories of the simple life there. One thing not to do was to waste salt which was expensive for having to be shipped in from Sichuan on the backs of porters over the mountains. If you find restaurant food to taste flat and ask for salt from the waiter, use it sparingly to avoid unpleasant encounters.

Mother told us about an exotic fish called the “baby fish”. You can buy it in the market. It is fairly big, could be two pounds or more. In some ways it is not like a fish, but round and fat with small limbs remotely like a human baby, hence the name baby fish. You take it home and put it in a water tub in the kitchen, thinking that you can keep it there for some time. But over night you do not find it there anymore! You look around and see it crawling on the kitchen wall! Now I would think that it is a salamander. They live in the small rivers and creeks that abound in the mountainous country of Kweizhou. Now they are greatly prized in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Mother gave birth in 1920 to my second big brother GuangJi in Kweiyang. He was given the nickname MeoTze, meaning a Meo boy, the Meo being the local minority people. When my third big brother was born in 1922, the family was back in Chongqing. I heard of no reference to the grandparents being in Kweiyang. I must assume them to have stayed in Chongqing.

The years following the family’s return to Chongqing were good years for the family until the outbreak of war against Japan in 1936-1937.  True, local wars were still being fought among the warlords and there were plenty of them in Sichuan. The country side was still being devastated by the wars and by extortive land taxes. Drought took heavy tolls of the farms. In years of drought hordes of starved peasants swarmed into the city to look for food. But Dad had a steady job immune to the social upheavals. Dad

was a rising star in the post office. A good job with good pay – more than one hundred times the pay of a common laborer. The family was significantly better off and moved up to a better residence every few years.

            The family lived in ShiBanJie where my brother GuangRen and I were born. Then Father bought a house in LyLongXiang where my sister GuangYi was born. Both LyLongXiang and ShiBan Jie and previous residences were houses of traditional Chinese construction. Then Father bought a new house of modern design in a new development called the YMCA Village. YMCA was a glamorous new outfit of modern times. Was the intent to show case a modern style of housing?  The old city garrison commander’s compound and was completely leveled for the project. Thirteen three-story houses were built in this gated high-walled community right in the middle of the “lower city”. Almost a half of the land was made into a park with trees, shrubs, and flowers. A clubhouse of two stories was set toward the rear end of the park. Upon entering through the gate we found the park to the left behind a paved square, and to the right were the houses in two receding rows facing each other with a paved walkway of about 20 feet wide in between. In each row there were five townhouses. Three townhouses were in the rear facing the gate with an alley in front of them that led to the park. The houses had the appearance of the brownstone houses of American big cities before the mass exodus to the suburbs.

            Our family house was the front one of the row on the left. We were adjacent to the paved square that led to the park from the gate. From the back door we walked directly into the park. Ours was one of the few houses with windows on three sides. The earthen wall of the house was about one foot thick. It gave good insulation to the weather and noise. We never were bothered by any noise from our neighbors. Best of all we had electric light! And running water in the kitchen! We had arrived in the modern age!

            We had a large deck on the third floor that afforded us a good view of the city. By far most houses had only one floor. A three-story house was a high rise! And was called a foreigner’s house.

            Before long father bought the house that was two houses from us up the walkway in the same row. It was used as rental property managed by mother. This purchase turned out to be a good foresight as it became the temporary residence of the family when we moved back to the city at the end of the World War. The house we used to live in the suburb before being dispersed to the country was destroyed by the Japanese air raid. The house we used to live in the YMCA Village was badly in need of repair and not livable. We finally moved back into it after the repair was completed.

             Before long father bought a farm in the country north of the  ChiaLin river primarily as the graveyard of the family. Again the purchase turned out to be good foresight. It afforded us a place to live in the country during the war years as the family was evacuated from the city to escape the Japanese air raids.

            An interlude happened while the family lived in the YMCA Village. The family moved to Ichang, Hupei to spend the winter of 1934 there. The travel to and returning from Ichang was exciting. It was an unforgettable experience. It was by boat, a big steamship of the MingSen Company. It must be upward of 1,000 tons which was big to me. The whole family packed up, said good bye to Father, and left, leaving Father all by himself in Chongqing. The first day on board was enjoyable but relatively peaceful. The boat glided along on the river, making waves, while the houses and villages on shore flew by. The second day it abruptly changed as the boat entered the gorges. Two high cliffs formed a gate, the KweiMen, through which the river raced on carrying the boat with it as the river became squeezed and narrowed. No more houses or villages on shore, but sheer walls of rock dipping into the water. Look above! Where is the sky? Yes, you see it by yanking you head way back.  Trees hanging on the crevices and cleavages of the cliffs afforded abode for monkeys. You hear their call reverberating in the mountains way up high. You see goats here and there in the high mountains when the fog and cloud lifted.

Meanwhile you watch out for the eddies and rapids in the water. Huge boulders had rolled into the river for eons to back up the river into boiling ponds at places from which rapids spill out downward. The high rapids were like low falls. Pick your way in the river  and pray you will sail through. Pray that your boat will not dash on a boulder and smash to pieces.

            The mountains were so closed in, you could not see far on the front. As the boat was moving rapidly ahead you had the sense that the boat is heading directly to the cliff in front. You say: this is the end. Like a miracle, just as you were going to crash on the mountain, an opening appeared on one side and the current carried you swiftly to the opening. You are safe this time.

            A moving scene was the boat men pulling a boat upstream. Each wore a halter that was twined to the big rope tied to the boat.  To fight the current all crawled low to pull on their halters, their hands almost touching ground, while digging their heels deep on the land. They found and followed a footpath on a ledge of the cliff or on a narrow sandy beach. . Sometimes they forked the shallow water close to shore with water up to their thighs. They were naked up to the belly even in the cold weather. As they pulled, they belted out the tune, “Hi Ho, Hi Yu, Hi Ho, Hi Yu…” that resounded in the gorge above the noise of the water.

             The gorge came to an abrupt end as the mountains gave way to a broad plain. The river resumed an easy pace. Soon we arrive at Ichang. Mother was the head of the family without a doubt. We immediately proceeded to a house which had been rented for us. We found Ichang to be a likable place. It was cleaner on the streets than Chongqing. The air was fresh. The land was flat as far as you could see. The weather was colder. It snowed a little and that was exciting. A pleasant surprise was that there was no study, no home work. It seemed that we simply did not plan on doing any school work. Mother was specially loving to us. We all went shopping for groceries. There was fish like I never saw before. Big live fish, shrimps, eels, ….and good fresh vegetables of all kinds.

            We did not stay in Ichang for long. Soon we headed for home. I enjoyed the voyage through the gorge again, only more so this time, for the upstream journey was slower, so we spent more than twice as much time in the gorge. I was fascinated to see the steam boat fighting its way up the rapids. In one place the water cascade was so high, our steamer could not make its way up by herself. Not to worry, the boat was equipped with a winch and steel cable at the front deck. At the downstream approach to the cascade, the boat stopped and docked. The steel cable was unwound from the winch, pulled up the shore and upstream to a huge stump and tied to it. To reduce the load on board the able-bodied passengers were asked to leave the boat to walk on shore upstream and wait. Meanwhile the sailors were assembled on the front deck at the winch. As the captain rang the bell the engine roared at full throttle and the sailors pushed the winch with all their might. The boat made a lurch and plunged into the cascade. Water sprays splashed up to the upper cabins where Mother, GuangYi and I were huddled and watching in fascination while the big brothers were with the adults watching on shore.

            We returned to Chongqing safely to rejoin father at home. I was so thrilled to see him again and fascinated to see him shave.   I still remember that one of the first things he gave me upon returning home was fish liver oil for me to drink. Ugh! The taste is upsetting. But we really believed in fish live oil in those days.

            Nobody ever told me why we made the trip to Ichang. I have nothing but pleasant memory of the voyage and Ichang. It was not until years after I lived in the United States that I read about the Long March of the Chinese Communist army. As they passed through Kweizhou, they took a northern route bordering on Sichuan. War threatened Chongqing. Father took the precaution to move us to the safety of Hupei. Now I know.

            We moved to a big house in the suburb when I was about to graduate from elementary school. The house was located on the side of a hill. Stone retaining wall was built up from the foot of the hill and filled with soil to provide the level land for the house and garden. The massive retaining wall gave the appearance of a fortress. Our house and two other houses of friends of the family were designed by one engineer and built on adjacent lots so the three families of friends lived close together. The similar style of the houses was rather grand. Four large columns stood at the front to support the balconies of the two lower floors and the roof . Our garden was on the left and front of the house. At the corner of the garden on top of the retaining walls was a fanciful gazebo that looked out to the valley below.

            There were balconies also at the rear of the house on both floors. When weather was mild we would have dinner at the rear balcony on the ground floor. The balcony there was connected to a detached kitchen through a covered walkway. The family occupied the ground floor. There were four rooms on third floor. These were roomy rooms with high ceiling, but only ceiling windows. These were used by the maid servants and for storage. The second floor was made into apartments for rent.

            Now it was up to mother to manage the rental properties: the apartments in PuJu which was the new house, and the two houses in the YMCA Village. Mother was a busy and capable manager. She was neat, organized, and never in a hurry. She dealt with many people: the renters, the tradesmen, the house servants. She spoke softly, smiled a lot. She evoked confidence in people she dealt with. She did not scold the servants, but the house was always spic and span, neat, clean, and polished. Food was on the table on time. She was a taskmaster who got things done. I knew it from the way she helped us with our homework. We must get it done. No buts and ifs, we got it done.

            Mother has mottos that are often on her lips. One is: If you were the other person, how would you feel?  I have been guilty for not always following this motto of hers for I often  forgot. I believe I would have been a better person if I practiced her teaching more. 

唁 电

尊敬的苏君莹学长:

惊闻赵广绪学长辞世，北美浙大校友倍感悲痛、深表哀悼。

赵学长早年来美，曾任美国竺可桢教育基金会（现浙江大学美国教育基金会）第一任秘书长和第一任理事会主席，第二十二届北美浙大校友会年会年主席。多年来，为联系遍布北美各地的新老浙大校友，为基金会的创建成长发展作出了重要贡献。

在此谨致诚挚慰问，并请节哀保重。

浙江大学美国教育基金会

北美浙江大学校友会

二零一三年十一月十日

Dear Friends and family, we are very gratified that so many of you have come to attend this memorial for our father, KC Chao.  Many of you have come far for this, and I thank you for that.

My father belonged to all of us in different ways.  He was a loving husband to our mother Jean Chao, a marriage that lasted for 60 years.  He was a deeply devoted and caring father to my brother Bernard and me, and he taught us how to be good people and to treat others with warmth and generosity.  He of course adored his 4 grandchildren, Andrew, Daniel, Chloe and Zander, who were the sparkle of his eye, and he was grateful to Dana and Cara for having joining our family and bearing such wonderful grandchildren.  And he had many close other family members, friends, students and professional colleagues whom he kept in touch with over a very long lifetime, as reflected by the numerous fond tributes we have received.  In other words, my father belonged to all of us here today.

There is no good time to lose your father.  However, I don't think we or he could have hoped for a more fulfilling and longer life for him.  He joked that he expected to live to 100, but 88 is not bad.  You will hear more today about my Dad's many professional accomplishments in life, and Bernard and I can attest to what a wonderful family life he and our Mom created for us.  

So I would like to set the tone for our gathering today as one of celebration for a life well lived.  Let's not grieve obsessively over my father's passing; instead let's spend time together as friends and family remembering the wonderful life he lived.  

Let me tell you a little about my father's early days and youth.  KC Chao was born in Chongqing, Sichuan Province in 1925 into a wide open and tumultuous age for China. China was in a dangerous transition between imperial rule and communist revolution.  War was in the air.  China was a terribly backward country straining to catch up with the West, and science was considered China’s salvation because it would enable modernization. 

In such a time, everyone faced strife and hardship, even children of elite families.  During the war years, my father spent several years living in a family house in the countryside to avoid the bombing of Chongqing.  Everywhere even the most basics of ordinary living, such as heating, shopping and housing, were a struggle.  Many years ago I interviewed my Dad son video about this subject, and we are going to now play back a clip so you can see my Dad again.  [clip]

Luckily for my Dad, his father had received English language training when he was young.  That permitted him to become the Deputy Postmaster General of Eastern Sichuan Province, which meant the family was well off.  My Dad received an excellent education and eventually chose to study Chemical Engineering at Zhejiang University, the premier engineering school in China at the time.  In those days, Physics and Chemical Engineering were considered the two most important science subjects to study.

All of this prepared my Dad for graduate school at Beijing’s Tsinghua University in 1948 where he joined the nuclear physics PhD program.  However, shortly after he arrived, the Communist Army captured Beijing and the entire city was in turmoil.  A friend told Dad that he was going on a company ship from Tianjin to Taiwan, did he want to join?  My Dad packed and took one of the last trains from Tianjin and that he how he ended up being the only member of his family outside the mainland.  

In Taiwan Dad found a job at Taiwan Alkali Company working as an engineer, but that did not last too long.  Taiwan was looking for talent to send to the US for study.  My Dad and Mom were chosen as 2 of the first 30 students that went to the US for graduate studies.  The net result of all this was that Mom and Dad got married when they returned to Taiwan, had me as their first born, and then Dad went back to Wisconsin to complete his doctorate before sending for us to join him in the US.  

In 1958 when Mom and I moved to California there were very few professional Chinese in the US.  Discrimination against Chinese was still prevalent, Chinese immigrants were not welcome, and it took the help of a Wisconsin Senator to get permission for all of us to obtain green cards.  

My parents went on to build a happy family in the United States.  My parents had two additional sons, Albert and Bernard (Albert is no longer with us), and we had childhoods living in such diverse places as Marin County California, Stillwater Oklahoma and Lafayette Indiana. Dad was a relatively strict father, but he was not a puritan — he also liked to have fun.  I remember looking forward to many camping and fishing trips, weekend outings, summer vacations riding in the back of our station wagon (this was before seat belts), and enforced swimming lessons.  I was also grateful that my parents thought music was important and encouraged me to choose an instrument, so I chose the clarinet, which I played for many years.  My parents’ penny pinching permitted them to send all of us to college and beyond, and to launch our own professional careers.  

The lesson I take away from all of this is that building our family did not just happen by itself.  It was built on the back of love, hardship, tremendous hard work and some luck.  We are all tremendously grateful to my parents for this.  

Honors and Awards:

American Institute of Chemical Fellow (1976- )

Honorary Professor, Beijing Chemical Technology (1984- )

Honorary Professor, Zhejiang University (1988- )

Plenary Lecturer, International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering Industry, Beijing, May 1988

Citation Classic Award 1982

International Committee member, International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering and Industry, Beijing, May 1988.

Lecturer, International Scientist, National Science Council, Taiwan (1989)

Harry Creighton Peffer Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University (1989-1993)

Donald L. Katz A ward of the Gas Processors Association, 1994

International Committee member, International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering and Industry, Beijing, May 1994

Director, Secretary, and Chairman, Board of Directors, American Zhu Kezhen Education Foundation, 1995-

External Graduate Degree Examiner:

McGill University

University of Ottawa

The University of Alberta

Refereed Publications:

1.         K.C. Chao, "Simplify Batch Distillation Calculations," Chemical Engineering, 165 (January, 1954).

2.         K.C. Chao and O.A. Hougen, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in the Ternary System Ethyl Acetate-Benzene-Cyclohexane," Chemical Engineering Science, 7, 246 (1958).

3.         K.C. Chao, "Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibria," Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 51, 93 (1959).

4.         J.M. Prausnitz, W.C. Edmister, and K.C. Chao, "Hydrocarbon Vapor-Liquid Equilibria and Solubility Parameter," AJChE J., 6, 214 (1960).

5.         K.C. Chao and J.D. Seader, "A General Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Mixtures," AJChE J., 7, 598 (1961).

6.         K.C. Chao, "Reradiation to Furnace Tubes," AJChE J., 9, 555 (1963).

7.         K.C. Chao and D. Adams, "Flow Rate Computed for Packed Beds," Petroleum Refiner, 45, No.8, 165 (1966).

8.         B.H. Hensel, W.C. Edmister, and K.C. Chao, "The Injection Method of Determination of Partial Volume at Infinite Dilution," AIChE J., 13, 784 ( 1967).

9.         K.C. Chao, "Applied Thermodynamics," Ind & Eng. Chem., 59, September 18, (1967).

10.       K.C. Chao, R.L. Robinson, Jr., M.L. Smith, and C.M. Kuo, "A Group Interaction Theory of Heat of Mixing and Application to Alcohol: Paraffin Solutions," Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Series, 63, No. 81, 121 (1967).

11.       F.H. Kate, Jr., R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "Mixture Volumetric Properties from Infinite Dilution Studies, Part 2. Methane-Hydrogen Sulfide," Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp., 64, No. 88, 91 (1968).

12.       A. Yudovich, R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "Mixture Volumetric Properties from Infinite Dilution Studies, Part 1. Methane-Carbon Dioxide," Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Series, 64, No. 88, 85 (1968).

13.       T.W. Lee, S.B. Wyatt, S.H. Desai, and K.C. Chao, "Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State for Methane at Cryogenic Engineering," Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 14, p. 49-54, Plenum Press (1969).

14.       R.R. Spear, R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "Critical States of Mixtures and Equations of State," I&EC Fundamentals, 8, 2 (1969).

15.       G.A. Ratcliff and K.C. Chao, "Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties of Polar Mixtures by a Group Solution Model," Canadian J. Chem. Eng, 47, 148 ( 1969).

16.       C.F. Snyder and K.C. Chao, "Heat of Adsorption of Light Hydrocarbons and Mixtures on Activated Carbon," I&EC Fundamentals, 9, 437 (1970).

17.       C.M. Kuo, R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "Quasilattice Theory and Paraffin-Alcohol Systems," I&EC Fundamentals, 9, 564-568 (1970).

18.       K.C. Chao, R.A. Greenkorn, 0. Olabisi, and B.H. Hensel, "Fugacity and Vapor Pressure of Non-polar Liquids at Low Temperatures," AIChE J., 17, 353-356 (1971).

19.       R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "A Correlation of Vaporization Equilibrium Ratios for Gas Processing Systems," lnd Eng Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 10, 221-229 (1971).

20.       Amos Yudovich, R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "Phase Equilibrium of Carbon Dioxide in the Methane-Carbon Dioxide-n-Decane System," AIChE J., 17, 1152-1159 (1971).

21.       R.R. Spear, R.L. Robinson, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "Critical States of Ternary Mixtures and Equations of State," I&EC Fundamentals, 10, 588-592 (1971).

22.       J.A. Ellis and K.C. "Thermodynamics ofNearly Ideal Systems," AIChE J., 70-77 (1972)

23.       T.W. Lee, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Statistical Thermodynamics of Group Interaction in Pure n-Alkane and n-Alkanol-1 Liquids," I&EC Fundamentals, 11, 293-302 (1972).

24.       J.A. Ellis, Ho-Mu Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Internal Energy and Mechanical Properties of Normal Liquids," Chem. Eng. Science, 27, 1395-1400 (1972).

25.       K.C. Chao and R.A. Greenkorn, "Equilibrium Theory of Fluids," Chem. Eng. Educ., 6, 158-161 (1972).

26.       P.R. Bienkowski, H.S. Denenholz, and K.C. Chao, "A Generalized Hard-sphere Augmented Virial Equation of State," AIChE J., 19, 167-173 (1973).

27.       T.W. Lee, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Statistical Thermodynamics of Group Interactions in n-Alkanone Pure Liquids and Solutions," Canadian J Chem. Eng., 81- 85 (1973).

28.       J.A. Ellis and K.C. Chao, "Vapor Pressure and Interaction Constant of Some Nearly Ideal Solutions," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 18, 264-266 (1973).

29.       T.W. Lee, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Statistical Thermodynamics of Group Interaction in n-Alkane-n-Alkanol and n-Alkanol-n-Alkanol Solutions, Chem. Eng. Science, 28, 1005-1011 (1973).

30.       J.V. Coleman, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Thermodynamic Properties of Alkane Liquids and Group Interactions," Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 12, 452-458 (1973).

31.       H.W. Collins, Jr., and K.C. Chao, "A Dynamic Model for Multicomponent Fixed Bed Adsorption," Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Series, 69, No. 134, 9-17 (1973).

32.       M.G. White, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Generalized Enthalpy and Entropy Deviation Functions of Normal Liquids at Low Temperatures," Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. & Develop., 13, 453-455 (1974).

33.       P.R. Bienkowski and K.C. Chao, "Hard-Cores of Molecules of Simple Fluids," The J Chemical Physics, 62, 615-9 (1975).

34.       M.G. White, and K.C. Chao, "Principle of Corresponding States of Liquid Solutions," Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 14, 166-171 (1975).

35.       Paul R. Bienkowski and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Molecular Hard Cores of Normal Fluids," J. Chem. Phys., 63,4217-21 (1975).

36.       Edward A. Turek, V. John Comanita, Robert A. Greenkorn, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "K-Values and Coefficients of Some Mercaptans and Sulfides and a Disulfide in Hydrocarbon Solutions," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 21, 209-11 (1976).

37.       V. John Comanita, Robert A. Greenkorn, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution: Alcohols and Esters in n-Hexadecane, Alcohols in Ethyl Octanoate, and Esters in 1-0ctadecanol," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 21, 491 (1976).

38.       Tomoshige Nitta, E.A. Turek, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Group Contribution Molecular Model of Liquids and Solutions," AIChE J., 23, 144-160 (1977).

39.       Tomoshige Nitta, E.A. Turek, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Group Contribution Molecular Model for Liquids and Solutions Composed of the Groups CH3, CH2, OH, and CO", Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Series, 60. Phase Equilibrium and Fluid Properties in the Chemical Industry, p. 421-428 (1977).

40.       J.J. Simnick, C.C. Lawson, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Hydrogen/Tetralin System at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures," AIChE J., 23, 469-76 (1977).

41.       L.C. Yen, J.F.S. Frith, K.C. Chao, H.M. Lin, "Data Deficiency Hampers Coal-Gasification Plant Design," Chem. Eng., 84, No. 10, 127-30 (1977).

42.       K.L. Young, R.A. Mentzer, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Cyclohexane + Benzene, + Octene-1, + m-Xylene, and + n-Heptane," J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 9, 979-985, (1977).

43.       R.A. Mentzer, K.L. Young, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Principle of Corresponding States of Liquid Solutions - Excess Enthalpy and the Pseudo Criticals," Chem. Eng. Sci., 33, 229-239 (1978).

44.       J.J. Simnick, K.D. Liu, H.M Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Hydrogen and Diphenylmethane," I&EC Process Design and Develop., 17, 204-208 (1978).

45.       J. Yao, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Hydrogen and 1-Methylnaphthalene," Fluid Phase Equilibria, l, 293-304 (1978).

46.       H.M. Sebastian, J. Yao, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium of Hydrogen/Bicyclohexyl System at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 23, No. 2, 167-170 (1978).

47.       H.M. Sebastian, J.J. Simnick, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium m Mixtures of Hydrogen and Quinoline," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 23, No. 4, 305-308 (1978).

48.       H.M. Sebastian, J.J. Simnick, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibria in Mixtures of Hydrogen and Thianaphthene," Canadian J. Chem. Eng., 56, 743-746 (1978).

49.       J.J. Simnick, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Hydrogen in Toluene at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures," J. Chem. & Eng. Data, 23, No.4, 339- 340 (1978).

50.       J.J. Simnick, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Hydrogen + m-Xylene, and + m-Cresol," J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 11, 531- 537 (1979).

51.       C.H. Liaw, J.S.P. Wang, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Kinetics of Fixed Bed Adsorption- A New Solution," AIChE J., 25, 376-381 (1979).

52.       J.L. Oliphant, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Hydrogen+ Tetralin + Diphenylmethane and Hydrogen+ Tetralin + m-Xylene," Fluid Phase Equilibria, 3, 35-46 (1979).

53.       J.J. Sirnnick, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "The BACK Equation of State and Phase Equilibria in Pure Fluids and Mixtures," Am. Chem. Soc. Advances in Chemistry Series, 182 "Equations of State in Engineering and Research," 209-233 (1979).

54.       H.M. Lin, H.M. Sebastian, J.J. Sirnnick, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Methane with n-Decane, Benzene, and Toluene," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 146-149 (1979).

55.       H.M. Sebastian, J.J. Simnick, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Methane with Tetralin, Diphenyl-methane and 1-Methylnaphthalene," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 149-152 (1979).

56.       J.J. Sirnnick, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Methane+ m-Xylene, and Methane+ m-Cresol," Fluid Phase Equilibria, 3, 145-151 (1979).

57.       J.J. Sirnnick, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Methane +Quinoline Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 239-240 (1979).

58.       E.A. Turek, D.W. Arnold, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatograph for the Accurate Determination of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients," Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 18, 426-429 (1979).

59.       E.A. Turek, R.A Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients for Selected Binary Mixtures of Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, and Ketones," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 296-298 (1979).

60.       H.M. Sebastian, 1.1. Simnick, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Hydrogen + 9, 10-Dihydrophenanthrene Mixtures," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 343-345 (1979).

61.       H.M. Sebastian, 1.1. Simnick, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in the Hydrogen + n-Decane System at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 68-70 (1980).

62.       H.M. Sebastian, 1.1. Simnick, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide+ n-Decane and+ n-Hexadecane," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 138-140 (1980).

63.       H.M. Sebastian, G.D. Nageshwar, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of C02 + Diphenylmethane and C02 + 1-Methylnaphthalene", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 145-147 (1980).

64.       J.J. Simnick, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in The Ternary System Hydrogen+ Methane+ Tetralin", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 147-149 (1980).

65.       H.M. Sebastian, G.D. Nageshwar, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquids Equilibria in Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Tetralin at Elevated Temperatures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 4, 257-260 (1980).

66.       H.M. Lin, H.M. Sebastian, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Hydrogen + nHexadecane and Methane + n-Hexadecane at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 252-254 (1980).

67.       H.M. Lin, H.M. Sebastian, 1.1. Simnick, and K.C. Chao, "Solubilities of Hydrogen and Methane in Coal Liquids", I&EC Proc. Des. Devel., 20, 253-256 (1981).

68.       R.A. Mentzer, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "The Principle of Corresponding States and Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Molecular Fluids, and Their Mixtures with Light Gases", I&EC Proc. Des. Devel., 20, 240-252 (1981 ).

69.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibria in Ternary Mixtures of Hydrogen + Methane + 1-Methylnaphthalene at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 5, 89-95 (1980).

70.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Correlation of the Solubility of Hydrogen in Hydrocarbon Solvents", AIChE J., 27, 138-148 (1981).

71.       H.M. Sebastian, J.J. Simnick, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide Toluene and Carbon Dioxide+ m-Xylene", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 246-248 (1980).

72.       R.A. Mentzer, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Bubble Pressures and Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Four Binary Hydrocarbon Systems", J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 14, 817-830 (1982).

73.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Methane + 9, 10 Dihydrophenanthrene at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 379-381 (1980).

74.       R.A. Mentzer, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "The Principle of Corresponding States and Prediction of Gas-Liquid Separation Factors and Thermodynamic Properties- A Review", Separation Science and Technology, 15, 1613-1678 (1980).

75.       M.J. Horvath, H.M. Sebastian, and K.C. Chao, "A Gas Chromatograph Method for the Determination of Gas Solubility in Liquids", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 20, 394-396 (1981).

76.       H.M. Lin, H.M. Sebastian, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibria of Hydrogen + 1- Methylnapghthalene at 457 degrees C", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 4, 321 (1980).

77.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibria of Carbon Dioxide+ mCresol and Carbon Dioxide+ Quinoline at Elevated Temperatures", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25, 381-383 (1980).

78.       C.H. Chien, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Group Contribution Molecular Model of Liquids and Solutions II. Groups and Their Interactions in Water and Aqueous Solutions of Paraffins, Ketones, and Alcohols", AIChE J., 27, 303-309 (1981).

79.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Correlation of the Solubility of Methane in Hydrocarbon Solvents", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 20, 346-349 (1981).

80.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Correlation ofthe Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Hydrocarbon Solvents", I&EC Proc. Des. Devel., 20, 508-511 (1981 ).

81.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ternary Mixtures of Hydrogen+ Carbon Dioxide+ Tetralin", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 26, 281-283 (1981).

82.       H.M. Lin, H.M. Sebastian, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ternary Mixtures of Hydrogen+ Carbon Dioxide+ 1-Methylnaphthalene", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 7, 87-91 (1981).

83.       H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Hydrogen + Carbon Dioxide + Quinoline System at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 26, 307-309(1981).

84.       Y. Liu, R.A. Greenkorn and K.C. Chao, "Activity Coefficient at Infinite Dilution of Paraffins, Naphthenes, Aromatics, and Chlorides in Phenol", J. Chem. Eng Data, 26, 386- 388 (1981).

85.       H.M. Lin, H.W. Kim, and K.C. Chao, "Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Nitrogen + nHexadecane Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 7, 181-185 (1981).

86.       D.W. Arnold, R.A. Greenkorn and K.C. Chao, "Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients for n-Alkanals, Alkanoates, Alkanes, and Alkanones inn-Octane", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 27, 123-125 (1982).

87.      H.Y. Kim, H.M. Sebastian, H.M. Lin, K.C. Chao, "Enthalpy of Hydrogen-Containing Hydrocarbon Liquids", AIChE J., 28, 833-835 (1982).

88.       J. Yao, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Monte Carlo Simulation of the Grand Canonical Ensemble", Molecular Physics, 46, 587-594 (1982).

89.       M. Radosz, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "High Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Asymmetric Mixtures using New Mixing Rules", I&EC Proc. Des. & Devel., 21, 653-658 (1982).

90.       H.Y. Kim, H.M. Lin and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Nitrogen and Quinoline", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 27, 158-159 (1982).

91.       J. Yao, R.A. Greenkorn and K.C. Chao, "Thermodynamic Properties of Stockmayer Molecules by Monte Carlo Simulation", J. Chem. Physics, 76, 4657-4664 (1982).

92.       C.H. Chien, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State", AIChE J., 29, 560-571 (1983).

93.       J. Yao, R.A. Greenkorn and K.C. Chao, "Thermodynamic Properties of Stockmayer Fluids by Computer Simulation", in S.A. Newman, ed., Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, pp. 431-438, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1983.

94.       E.G. Koukios, C.H. Chien, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Group Contribution Molecular Model of Liquids and Solutions III. Groups and Interactions in Aromatics, Cycloparaffins, Ethers, Amines and their Solutions", AIChE J., 30, 662-665 (1984).

95.       H. Kim, Wenchuan Wang, Ho-Mu Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures ofNitrogen + Tetralin and Nitrogen+ m-Cresol", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 28, 216-218 (1983).

96.       H.M. Lin, H. Kim and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nitrogen + 1- Methylnaphthalene at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", Fluid Phase Equilibrium, 10, 73-76 (1983).

97.       Wenchuan Wang and K.C. Chao, "The Complete Local Concentration Model Activity Coefficient", Chem. Eng. Sci., 38, 1483-1492 (1983).

98.       Hirokatsu Masuoka and K.C. Chao, "Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State. II. Polar Fluids", Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 23, 24-29 (1984).

99.       K.C. Chao and W.A. Leet, "Local Composition Models and Derivations", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 11, 201-204 (1983).

100.     H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Correlation of Critical Properties and Acentric Factor of Hydrocarbons and Derivatives", AIChE J., 30, 981-983 (1984).

101.     H. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of Rotators Equation of State", Ind Eng. Chem. Fundam., 25, 75-84 (1986).

102.     H.M. Lin, H. Kim, T.M. Guo, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State and VLE Calculations", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 13, 143-152 (1983).

103.     H.Y. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide+ Phenyloctane and Carbon Dioxide+ 1-Hexadecene", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 86-89 (1985).

104.     Z. Jin, H.M. Lin, R.A. Greenkom, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Propylene and Propylene Oxide", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 90-95 (1985).

105.     E.J. Kolodziej, z. Jin, R.A. Greenkom, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Propylene Oxide with I ,2-Dichloropropane and with tert-Butanol", A!ChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 80-85 (1985).

106.     H.Y. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide + n-Propylcyclohexane and Carbon Dioxide + n-Octadecane", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 96-101 (1985).

107.     T.M. Guo, H. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State 2. Polar Substances", I&EC Process Des. Devel., 24, 764-767 (1985); "Cubic Chain-of: Rotators Equation of State for Polar Fluids", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 24, 43-61 (1985).

108.     T.M. Guo, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State 3. Mixtures of Polar Substances", I&EC Des. Devel., 24, 768-773 (1985).

109.     H. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Propane and n-Butyraldehyde", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 144-146 (1985).

110.     H. Kim, C.M. Dinh, W.A. Leet, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide + Diethylamine + Water", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 147-150 (1985).

111.     Z.L. Jin, H.M. Lin, R.A. Greenkom, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Methylene Chloride and Ethanol", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 151-154 (1985).

112.     Z.L. Jin, H.M. Lin, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of tert-Butyl-Methyl Ether + n-Hexane and + Benzene", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 155-160 (1985).

113.     Z.L. Jin, H.M. Lin, R.A. Greenkorn and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Propylene Oxide+ Methyl Acetate", AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 81, No. 244, p. 161-164 (1985).

114.     H.M. Lin, H. Kim, W.A. Leet, and K.C. Chao, "A New Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Apparatus for Elevated Temperatures and Pressures", I&EC Fundamentals, 24, 260-262 (1985).

115.     H.M. Lin, H. Kim, T.M. Guo, and K.C. Chao, "Equilibrium Vaporization of a Coal Liquid from a Kentucky No.9 Coal," Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design. Develop., 24, 1049-1055 (1985).

116.     C.M. Dinh, H. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Water+ mcresol +Hydrogen Mixtures at High Temperatures and Pressures," J. Chem. Eng. Data, 30, 326-327 (1985).

117.     D.W. Arnold, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients for Alkanals, Alkanoates, Alkanes, and Alkanones in 4-Methyl-2-Pentanone", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 32, 103-105 ( 1987).

118.     H.M. Lin, W.A. Leet, H. Kim, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Water+ Quinoline+ Hydrogen", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 30, 324-325 (1985).

119.     H.M. Lin, W.A. Leet, H. Kim, and K.C. Chao, "Measurement and Prediction of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of an H-Coal and SRC Coal Liquid With and Without Hydrogen", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop., 24, 1225-1230 (1985).

120.     D.E. Eckart, D.W. Arnold, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Group Contribution Molecular Model of Liquids and Solutions IV. Group Pair Parameters for 15 Groups", AIChE J., 32, 307-308 (1986).

121.     R.J. Lee, and K.C. Chao, "Local Composition of Square-Well Molecules by Monte Carlo Simulation", K.C. Chao, and R.L. Robinson, ed., "Equations of State - Theories and Applications", Am. Chem. Soc. Symposium Series, 300, 214-226 (1986).

122.     J.H. Haselow, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Equations of State for Supercritical Extraction", K.C. Chao, and R.L. Robinson, ed., "Equations of State - Theories and Applications", Am. Chem. Soc. Symposium Series, 300, 156-179 (1986).

123.     S.D. Bean, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Selective Extraction of Coal with Supercritical Solvents", Proceedings 1985 International Conference on Coal Science, 28-31 October, 1985, Sydney, N.S. W., Australia, p. 238-241.

124.     P.R. Bienkowski, R. Narayan, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Enhanced Coal Liquefaction with Stearn Pretreatment", Ind. Eng. Chem. Research, 26, 202-205 (1987).

125.     P.R. Bienkowski, R. Narayan, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Liquefaction of a Subbituminous Coal with Stearn and Ammonia", Ind. Eng. Chem. Research, 26, 206-208 (1987).

126.     W.A. Leet, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Mutual Solubilities in Six Binary Mixtures of Water +a Heavy Hydrocarbon or a Derivative", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 32, 37-40 (1987).

127.     W.A. Leet, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State II for Strongly Polar Substances and Their Mixtures, I&EC Fundamentals, 25, 695-701 (1986).

128.     R.J. Lee, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State with Densitydependent Local Composition Mixing Rules", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 29, 475-484 (1986).

129.     C. Yokoyama, L.S. Lee, W. Morokoff, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "A Gas-Sampled Method of Determination of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium", Ind. Eng. Chem. Research, 26, 1695-1698 (1987).

130.     S.H. Huang, H.M. Lin, F.N. Tsai, and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Synthesis Gases in Heavy n-Paraffins and aFischer-Tropsch Wax", Ind. Eng. Chem. Research, 27, 162-169 (1988).

131.     F.N. Tsai, S.H. Huang, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Methane, Ethane, and Carbon Dioxide a Mobil Fischer-Tropsch Wax and inn-Paraffins", Chem. Eng. J., 38, 41-46 (1988).

132.     S.H. Huang, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Ethane in n-Eicosane", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 33, I 45-147 (1988).

133.     F.N. Tsai, S.H. Huang, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Methane, Ethane, and Carbon Dioxide in n-Hexatriacontane", J, Chem. Eng. Data, 32, 467-469 (1987).

134.     S.H. Huang, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Experimental Investigation of Synthesis Gas Solubility in Fischer-Tropsch Reactor Slurry", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 36, 141-148 (1987).

135.     R.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Local Composition of Square-well Molecules of Diverse Energies and Sizes", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 37, 327-336 (1987).

136.    S.H. Huang, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Ethaneinn-Octacosane", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 33,143-145 (1988).

137.     R.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Coordination Number and Thermodynamics of Square-well Fluid Mixtures", Molecular Physics, 61, 1431-1442 (1987).

138.     M.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Augmented BACK Equation of State for Polar Fluids", AIChE J., 34, 825-833 (1988).

139.     R.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Extraction of 1-Methylnaphthalene and m-Cresol with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Ethane", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 43, 329-340 (1988).

140.     R.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Equation of State for Square-Well Fluids", Molecular Physics, 65, 1253-1256 (1988).

141.    M.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Augmented BACK Equation of State, Part II Polar Fluid Mixtures", AIChE J., 34, 1773-1780 (1988).

142.     J.S. Chou and K.C. Chao, "Correlation of Synthesis Gas Solubility inn-Paraffin Solvents and Fischer-Tropsch Waxes", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 46, 179-195 (1989).

143.     John D. Pults, Robert A. Greenkorn, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Chain-of-Rotators Group Contribution Equation of State", Chem. Eng. Sci., 44, 2553-2564 (1989).

144.     J.S. Chou and K.C. Chao, "Solubility of Ethylene in n-Eicosane, n-Octacosane, and nHexatriacontane", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34, 68-70 (1989).

145.     Chiaki Yokoyarna, Gang Chen, Ho-Mu Lin, Liang-Sun Lee, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Methyl Formate + Propylene Oxide and Ethyl Iodide + Toluene", AIChE Symposium Series, 85, No. 271, 79-83 (1989).

146.     Gang Chen and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Mixtures of Methyl Formate+ Acetone", AIChE Symposium Series, 85, No. 271, 84-86 (1989).

147.     Rong-Jwyn Lee and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Local Composition Embedded Equations of State for Strongly Non-ideal Mixtures", I&EC Research, 28, 1251-1261 (1989).

148.     John D. Pults, Robert A. Greenkorn, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Fluid Phase Equilibrium and Volumetric Properties from CORGC Equation of State", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 51, 147-159 (1989).

149.     Qi Wang and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Binary Mixtures ofButylene Oxide + n-Butyraldehyde, Butylene Oxide + iso-Butyraldehyde and Methyl Acetate + Butylene Oxide", AIChE Symposium Series, 86, No. 279, 26-32 (1990).

150.     Chun-Lan Peng and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Mixtures of Isopropyl Acetate+ n-Hexane and Isopropylacetate +Ethanol", AIChE Symposium Series, 86, No. 279, 20-25 (1990).

151.     M.J. Lee and K.C. Chao, "Polar Pressure of Water and Simplified Augmented BACK  Equation of State", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 58, 1-12 (1990).

152.     Qi Wang and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Equilibria and Critical States of Water+ n-Decane Mixtures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 59, 207-215 (1990).

153.     Gang Chen and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Freon 113 + n-Hexane and Freon 113 + Methanol", AIChE Symposium Series, 86, No. 279, 33-37 (1990).

154.     Zong-Xiang Wang, John D. Pults, Robert A. Greenkorn, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Equilibrium Vaporization of Oils by the Chain-of-Rotators Group Contribution Equation of State", Chem. Eng. J., 46, 29-34 (1991).

155.     Chun-Lan Peng and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Further Simplification ofthe Augmented BACK Equation of State", AIChE J., 37, 636-640 (1991).

156.     Xuezhi Jin and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Solubility of Four Amino Acids in Water and of Four Pairs of Amino Acids in their Water Solutions", J Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 199-203 (1992).

157.     Chun-Lan Peng and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of n-Heptane +Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether", DIPPR Data Series No. 2, pp. 18-22, 1994, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., New York.

158.     Chun-Lan Peng and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Mixtures of Ter-butyl Ether Ethanol and Butyraldehyde n-Propanol", DIPPR Data Series No. 2, pp. 23-27, 1994, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., New York.

159.     Jeffrey S. Chou and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Solubility of Synthesis and Product Gases in a Fischer-Tropsch SASOL Wax", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 621-623 (1992).

160.     Bradley S. Watson and Kwang-Chu Chao, "A Method of Molecular Simulation of Free Energy", J Chem. Phys., 96, 9046-9049 (1992).

161.     J. Talbot, P. Bereolos, and K.C. Chao, "Estimation of Free Energy via Single Particle Sampling in Monte Carlo Simulations", J. Chem. Phys., 98, 1531-1533 (1993).

162.     Ai-Qi Chen, George J. Urbanus, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "A New Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Cell and VLE Data for Mixtures of 1-Propanol and p-Xylene", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 94, 281-288 (1994).

163.     R. Sysiongkiao, J.M. Caruthers, and K.C. Chao, "Polymer Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 1446-1455 (1996).

164.     Zhangli Jin, Robert A. Greenkorn, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Ratio of Hydrogen", AIChE J., 41, 1602-1604 (1995).

165.     B.S. Watson, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Metastable and Unstable Fluid States by Molecular Simulation", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35, 4336-4341 (1996).

166.     Carlos R. Novenario, James M. Caruthers, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "A Mixing Rule to Incorporate Solution Model into Equation of State", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 269-277 (1996).

167.     Peter Bereolos, Julian Talbot and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Simulation of Free Energy without Particle Insertion in the NPT Ensemble", Molecular Physics, 89, 1621-1631 (1996).

168.     Peter Bereolos, Kwang-Chu Chao, and Julian Talbot, "Molecular Simulation of Fluid Phase Equilibria of Mixtures", AIChE J., submitted.

169.     Carlos R. Novenario, James M. Caruthers, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Heat Capacity of Polymer Melts from Polymer Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State", J. Applied Polymer Science, 67, 841-848 (1998).

170.     Carlos R. Novenario, James M. Caruthers, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State for Polar and Non-Polar Substances and Mixtures", Fluid Phase Equilibria, l42, 83-100 (1998).

171.     Carlos R. Novenario, James M. Caruthers, and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Polymer + Solvent Mixtures", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37, 3142-3150 (1998)

Invited Review Paper:

1.         S.J. Han, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Molecular Fluid Mixtures by Equations of State", An Invited Review, Chem. Eng. Sci., 43, 2327-2367 (1988).

Citation Classic:

1.         K.C. Chao, "A General Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Hydrocarbon Mixtures by K.C. Chao and J.D. Seader", Citation Classic, Current Contents, 13, No. 37, 22 (1982).

Books:

1.         K.C. Chao and R.A. Greenkorn, Thermodynamics of Fluids, 553 pp. LC 75-13121, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1975.

2.         J. M Caruthers, K. C. Chao, V. Venkatasubramanian, R. Sy-Siong-Kiao, C. R. Novenario, and A. Sundaran, Handbook of Diffusion and Thermal Properties of Polymers and Polymer Solutions, DIPPR, Am. Inst. Chem Engr., New York 1998

3          K. C. Chao, D. S. Corti, R. G. Mallinson, "Thermodynamics: Principles, Fluid Phase Equilibrium, and Chemical Equilibrium", chapter in Albright's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York and Basel, 2005

Monographs:

1.         K.C. Chao, "Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium," Instructional Monograph TD-1-67, National Aeronautical and Space Administration, February 1967. 30 pp.

2.         K.C. Chao (Principal Investigator), "Phase Equilibrium in Coal Liquefaction Processes, EPRI AP-3450, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA (1984). pp. 208.

Books Edited:

1.        K.C. Chao, ed., "Applied Thermodynamics," 350 pp. LC 68-56051, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C. 1968.

2.         K.C. Chao, and R.L. Robinson, Jr., ed., "Equations of State in Engineering and Research," 466 pp., Advances in Chemistry Series, 182 Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., 1979.

3.         K.C. Chao, and R.L. Robinson, Jr., ed., "Equations of State- Theories and Applications", 597 pp. ACS Symposium Series, 300, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., 1986.

Proceedings:

1.         K.C. Chao and R.A. Greenkorn, "Enthalpy and Entropy of Non-polar Liquids at Low Temperatures," Research Report RR-3, Natural Gas Processors Association, Tulsa, Okla., April 1971. Also in Proceedings of Natural Gas Processors Association 50th Annual meeting, March 17-19, p.42-46 (1971 ).

2.         Charles D. Moseman and Kwang-Chu Chao, "Surface Diffusivities on Activated Carbon Adsorbing from Liquids," Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 84, 260-1 (1974).

3.         P.R. Bienkowski and K.C. Chao, "A Hard-core Augmented Virial Equation of State for Simple Fluids." Proceedings of Fourth IUPAC International Conference on Chemical Thermodynamics. Montpellier, France, Vol. IV, p. 28-35 (1975).

4.         Riki Kobayashi and K.C. Chao, "Fundamental Thermodynamic and Transport Property Studies Needed for Gas Processing Technology in Synthetic OilO Production," Proceedings of Gas Processors Association 54th Annual Convention, March 10-12, p. 36-8 (1975).

5.         L.C. Yen, J.F.S. Frith, K.C. Chao, and H.M. Lin, "Fundamental Data Needs for Process Design of Coal Gasification Plants," Proceedings of Gas Processors Association 55th Annual Convention, March 22-24, p. 87-90 (1976).

6.         H.Y. Kim, H.M. Lin, and K.C. Chao, "Cubic Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State", Proceedings of PACHEC '83, Seoul, Korea, May 8-11, 1983, p. II-321-326.

7.         R.G. Mallinson, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "A Chemical Structural Model for Coal Liquefaction Chemistry", Proceedings of 1983 International Conference on Coal Science, Aug. 15-19, 1983 Pittsburgh, PA, p. 90-93.

8.        K.C. Chao and H.M. Lin, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Mixtures of Molecular Fluids by Equations of State", International Meetings on Phase Equilibrium Data, Paris, 5-13, September, 1985, Meeting No.3, Lecture 3P-l, p. 463-473.

9.         K.C. Chao, R.J. Lee, and M.J. Lee, "Thermodynamics of Polar Fluids," Proceedings International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering and Industry, Beijing, May 30-June 2, 1988, p.1-45.

10.       J.D. Pults, K.C. Chao, and R.A. Greenkorn, "Group Contribution Chain-of-Rotators van der Waals Equation of State," Proceedings International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering and Industry, Beijing, May 30-June 2, 1988, p. 95-115.

11.       Rogelio Sy-Siong-Kiao, James M. Caruthers, and K wang-Chu Chao, "Polymer Chain-of Rotators Equation of State," Proceedings International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering and Industry, Beijing, May 24-27, 1994, p. 62-68.

12.       B.S. Watson, R.A. Greenkorn, and K.C. Chao, "Molecular Simulation of Metastable, Unstable, Spinodal, Binodal, and Critical States," Proceedings International Symposium on Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering and Industry, Beijing, May 24-27, 1994, p. 62-68.

I first met you in 1957 at the University of Wisconsin where we were both studying for a Master's degree in Chemical Engineering.  We were both assigned the same major professor - O.A. Hougen.  We both planned on working for a Ph.D.

Back in those days we were required to pass a Ph.D. qualifying examination which included four all day examinations.  Three of the exams were on general Chemical Engineering topics.  One was on your area of study.  We got two chances to pass the qualifying examinations.

You passed the exams on your first try with near perfect scores.  This made all of the graduate students in awe of your abilities.  (And the faculty as well.)

Your selected topic was solution thermodynamics and vapor-liquid equilibria, a topic that you pursued for the remainder of your career.  We went on to pass the other hurdles on the road to the Ph.D.

You went to work at Chevron research in California while I spent a year in Norway working with Dr. Axel Lydersen and then to an Exxon Company, The Jersey Production Research Company in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Our paths crossed at the AIChE meeting in Tulsa where you presented the research that led to the Chao - Sedar correlation which is still used in the Natural Gas Processors' design calculations.  The paper resulting from the research is now a citation classic.

At that time I had moved to Purdue University.  As Head of Chemical Engienering, I invited you to come to Purdue and present a seminar on your research.  The faclty were so impressed with your abilities and accomplishments that they instructed me to hire you as a member of the faculty of Chemical Engineering.  You and I began to write an advanced thermodynamics book.  You organized a research group of graduate students, post doctoral students and faculty.  The group became one of the premier Chemical Engineering research groups.

Meanwhile, you modified your house to include a table tennis court.  Our annual get togethers at homecoming renewed old friendships and ping-pong rivalries and for many of us, Jean Chao's egg rolls were the featured attractions.

You put together several experiments to measure high pressure and temperature vapor liquid equilibria.  These experiments included coal liquids.  They also attracted a large amount of research funds.

At this point you were promoted to a distinguished professor...I have always looked on you as a big brother and have taken pride in your accomplishments.  You tried to teach me how to use Chop sticks and to select the correct DimSum, when you received honorary professorships at your undergraduate university and the Beijing Instititute.

It is difficult for me to write these few words.  I keep expecting you to appear in my office looking over the top of your glasses and saying, "Good Morning Professor Greenkorn".

Until we meet again, "Good bye Professor Chao".

Honoring Kwang-Chu Chao

GPA honors the life of another gentleman who passed earlier this month and had a profound impact on the midstream industry, professor Kwang-Chu Chao.
Chao was a pioneer in the application of solution thermodynamics to engineering calculations. In the late 1950s, he collaborated in the development of one of our industry’s most important and widely used correlations for predicting vapor-liquid equilibria of hydrocarbon mixtures, the Chao-Seader Correlation.

His work marked a true milestone in the development of engineering applications of solution thermodynamics.

He was honored with GPA’s Donald L. Katz Award in 1994 for these contributions and was also recognized for excellence in engineering education. He was well-liked and highly respected by both peers and students and published more than 160 journal articles in addition to co-authoring an advanced textbook on thermodynamics during his career.

We pass our condolences to Chao’s family and friends and would also like to express our thanks for his
impact on the industry.

   赵伯伯趣事 

                                                                                                                          ————  写在告别赵伯伯之前

这些天， 虽然是心痛， 心碎，但回忆起生活中的点点滴滴， 我会一边开车，也会含泪笑出声来

                                           1． 你是在与科学家对话

         记得有一次，具体什么事倒都忘记了，总之是换算计量单位，赵伯伯说让他来，我当时的表情是你行吗，他突然站起来，一本正经得对我说，你可知道， 你现在是和一位著名的化学科学家对话吗？ 我当时真的是忍俊不禁，笑得我前仰后合，我拉着赵伯伯的手说，“失敬，失敬，化学科学家请讲————！他真的 随口就说出那个换算率，让我对这个80岁的长者，刮目相看， 肃然起敬。他还告诉我，当年在普度，有很多高难度的试验课题，别人都做不出来的，但赵广绪的鼎鼎大名，如雷贯耳， 唯有他能拿下。

                                              2．Lady   First!

          赵伯伯不仅谈吐儒雅，还是一位真正的谦谦君子，记得那时赵伯伯还能开车，我们外出的时候，他总会很绅士的给我开车门，让我先上车，有时我们乘乐叙之家的车也如此，这也许是他已经溶化在血液里的一种习惯了， 我赶忙对他讲， 赵伯伯，这不可以，您是长辈，您年纪大，最重要的是我是照顾你的，以至于后来， 他真的需要我搀扶着他上车，他才慢慢习惯了。

                                              3． Marmalade

           在赵伯伯的食品柜上层有一罐浅棕色东西，因为没有商标，放了很久，并没有引起我的注意。直到有一次吃饭，无意中谈到这罐东西时，因为我是坐在赵伯伯对面的，我突然一拍赵伯伯的大腿， “这是真的呀！然后开怀大笑，后来，我发觉我的表情也太夸张了，（因为我是一个非常感性的人） 原来这竟是我爸爸非常喜欢的果酱，当然也是我的最爱，我从在中国的时候，就不断地喜欢用桔饼，广柑皮，金桔果脯，和蜂蜜凭着自己的想象腌制它，竟然在异国他乡找到了它，原来不同的民族竟也有如此相同的饮食爱好啊！！！，因为这也是赵伯伯非常喜欢的果酱， 我欣喜异常！马上去买了它两瓶， 我因为发音不够准确， 去美国店时，店员常常搞不懂你到底要的是什么，到现在我也忘不了赵伯伯不断纠正我发音的神情，Mar-ma-lade……….,Marmalade ，后来我们出去shopping 时， 赵伯伯又非要送我 两瓶，至今在柜子里还有一瓶，唉，睹物思人，如今已是物是人非。。。。。。

                                               4． 谈吐幽默

          赵伯伯不止一次地向我谈起，他是美国化学工程学会会长，他的学生也不少都成为各国化学工程学会的会长的，真是桃李满天，而浙江大学美西校友会，当年一致全票通过他当选校友会会长的事情， 他还是浙大竺可桢基金会的发起人之一，只是由于当时赵伯伯在普度大学的工作繁忙，担负着很多重大的科研课题，无暇顾及，非常遗憾。去年新春，浙大校友会在Cupertino 举行了盛大的新春团拜联欢会，我陪赵伯伯夫妇一起去的，几百人的大会场，非常热闹，在见面会上，青年才俊们请几位年逾古稀的老前辈讲话，轮到赵伯伯时，我的心情很忐忑，好像比赵伯伯还要紧张，我想，赵伯伯会说什么呀，结果他语调轻柔，逗得大家开怀大笑，他说：“我以为我很老了，结果还不是最老的，”（有位学长92岁。  ）果然是妙语惊人。

                                             5． 你睡床上，我睡沙发

             赵伯伯的客厅里有一张非常宽敞舒适的沙发，赵伯伯多次谈起这是Bernad(他的二儿子) 为他精选的很好的一套家具，他很窝心。我帮赵伯伯做事，通常是做一些美食，因为我有高血压，有时有点头晕， 我说赵伯伯， 我可能要先躺一下，一会儿再做了，他总是关切地说，快，快，去休息！你去躺我的床，我睡沙发。我说，那怎么可以，当然是我睡沙发，你睡床，每次他都这样，一事当前，他心里都是想的别人，这样的对话无数次的上演，直到他突然中风的前一个星期，还是那样对你非常关切。让你心生不忍。

                                                                           写在最后

          如果说，感谢这些年我对赵伯伯的全心付出，不如说，赵伯伯（我私下里都称他为赵爸爸）的博学，儒雅，如父如兄的教诲和关爱更令我感慨，它将是我一段非常难忘的人生经历，如诗如画。

        在这里我只想由衷地说：赵伯伯，我好想你！赵伯伯安息！你在那个世界里好吗？你会永远在我心里。 

                                                                                            写于2013.11.2 清晨  海伦。薛

Dear Howard,

I was very saddened when I heard of the passing away of my good friend and colleague, your father, K.C. Chao.

I am pleased to provide a few comments to you about our working relationship.

Our lives have some parallels.

I was born in San Francisco, California about two years about the birth of K.C.

He completed his B.S. in 1948; I finished mine in 1949.

We both pursued graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.

I became acquainted with K.C. at Wisconsin in 1951, while he was obtaining vapor-liquid equilibrium data under Professor Olaf Hougen.

It was clear to me that K.C. was a serious and very capable student in chemical engineering.

K.C. finished his M.S. the same year (1952) that I finished my Ph.D.

I took a job with the Process and Plant Design Division of California Research Corporation (now Chevron) in Richmond, California in 1952.

After K.C. finished his Ph.D. in 1956, he also took a job in the same division.  I was very pleased that he did because I knew he was very capable.

K.C. was assigned to work under a thermodynamicist, Wayne Edmister, who was supervisor of Engineering Research.  Working with John Prausnitz and Edmister, they developed an approach to the development of a new method to predict vapor-liquid equilibrium for components in hydrocarbon mixtures, which was sorely needed to design industrial distillation equipment.  Edmister left the company and I was promoted to his job with K.C. working under me.  Our assignment was to use the new method to produce graphical correlations for use by process design engineers.  At the time digital computers were becoming widely available, making it possible to replace graphical correlations with equation-based correlations, even though the equations were very complex.  K.C. and I were both strong believers in the use of computers for design.  We convinced management that with a computer, complex equations could be handled easily and were preferable to graphical correlations.  So, K.C. developed the needed complex equations by data fitting, from a huge database that I and a chemist assembled, and produced a correlation, which became known as the Chao-Seader Correlation.   It was presented and well accepted at an AIChE meeting in 1959.  We then  wrote a technical paper on the correlation and submitted to the AIChE Journal.  The editor, Professor Harding Bliss, instantly rejected it without seeking any reviews.  K.C. and I were shocked because by then the correlation was being widely used by the petroleum industry.  I  wrote a letter to Bliss giving 13 reasons why he should reconsider the paper and send it out for reviews.  He did, it was accepted, and published in 1961.  In 1981, it was designated a Citation Classic because it was cited in a large number of published papers.  Throughout the development of the Chao-Seader Correlation, K.C. was a pleasure to work with.  I wish we could have worked together on more projects.

I left California Research Corporation in December 1959 to work in the rocket industry.  In 1966, I became a Professor at the University of Utah.

Meanwhile K.C. left in 1963 for the Illinois Institute of Technology and in 1968 became a Professor at Purdue. 

We both became Emeritus Professors in 1993.

I'm sure you are very proud of your father's accomplishments.

With best regards,

Professor J.D. Seader 

Our Memory of Prof. K. C. Chao

On Thursday, October 10, 2013, an unexpected e-mail from Howard Chao arrived to me. Prof. Chao, Howard’s father, is unlikely to survive the next few days. This is such a shock to my wife, Dora, and me. Since Prof. and Mrs. Chao moved to the Bay area, we had occasionally visited them to reconnect the past and share the recent. Just a few months ago when we visited them, Prof. Chao still showed a lot of energy and looked great from outside, although he already was a little bit different from who he used to be because of the minor stroke that took part of his memory away two years ago. In that visit, he told us that he fell into a long sleep while he was still at work in Purdue and he would like to go back to work as soon as possible. He could not recollect the fact that he already retired and a retirement ceremony was held in honor of him at Purdue.

Prof. Chao has significantly shaped my professional career. In the summer of 1977, I came from Taiwan to the School of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University to pursue my advanced academic degree. When the time came to select a Thesis advisor, I have no idea what I want exactly. I turned to Prof. Chao based on the words among Chinese students that he took good care for his students. It was only later that I realized that I had selected a renowned advisor, who is the inventor of the widely used Chao-Seader correlation and had studied under the legendary Professor Olaf Hougen.

Through the four years of studying under him, I had weekly meeting with Prof. Chao. In the beginning, he gave me weekly reports by my predecessor, Dr. Tomoshige Nitta, to assist me for the preparation of weekly meetings. These writings show his expectation for me to be a detailed, analytical, and concise researcher. I learned how to put down research ideas in writings, to validate these ideas through detailed derivation, to do literature research, and to argue the pros and cons between different methods. The actual weekly meetings with Prof. Chao and my thesis co-advisor Prof. Greenkorn were very beneficial. Since English is not my native language, I always had hard time to describe what I have done. At the conclusion of my deliberation in the meeting, they always repeated what I had said with a few precise and crystal clear sentences. I have learned the importance of conveying the research idea in short and precise way.

Prof. Chao always took opportunity to encourage my research efforts.  My thesis focused on the theoretical thermodynamic modeling and in my mind I am far from real world of application. Prof. Chao would tell me how well some industrial affiliates found my work to be. On one occasion, he told me that one of industrial affiliates had found the chain of rotators equation of state to be superior in modeling polymer densities, among many thermodynamic models. Through these encouragements, I become less shy from applying ideas that I learned under him to real world applications. During my tenure with Chevron, I had applied the thermodynamic activity coefficient models to the modeling of microemulsion phase behavior in the surfactant oil recovery method, the first attempt of this kind in the industry. I had implemented the chain of rotators equation of state for density calculations in the Chevron’s thermodynamic models.

Prof. Chao took good care of his students. One night about the dinner time, Prof. Chao showed up in my office with a dish prepared by Mrs. Chao. Even today, I can still feel the warm feeling I felt that night. He is a close friend to all of us. Like other students, we have many fond memories at their house- chatting, playing Ping Pong, and having dinner together. One time, a group of students joined him to attend the basketball game at Purdue stadium. We found ourselves jumping, shouting, and cheering for Joe Barry Carroll and the Purdue team. He is one of us.

We are so blessed to be able to share some of his life since he moved to Bay area after his retirement. He kept himself busy with physical activities like swimming and learning new hobbies- playing piano and Chinese calligraphy. He also maintained research interest in chemical engineering area. He contributed to the thermodynamics section of Albright’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, which was published in 2008.

On Friday, October 11, 2013, I made arrangement with Howard to visit Prof. Chao the next morning. In the morning next day, I and my wife Dora arrived at Washington Hospital, Fremont, CA to visit Prof. Chao. He lied on bed peacefully with gentle breath. I was told that the last sense a patient loses is his hearing ability. Not knowing if he would respond, I greeted him by calling out his name. He seemed to respond to my calling with deep breath. My wife saw his hand making some movements. I hold his hand and searched in my heart for words to convey to him our appreciation and recounted his achievement. He seemed so peaceful all the time.

  The same afternoon on October 12, we received an e-mail from Howard saying Prof. Chao passed away. We are saddened by the unexpected loss of a great advisor and a close friend, but feel fortunate to be part of his later life. We will not be able to see him again, but I am sure his accomplishment will be remembered for generations and his kindness by all of us. Farewell, my dear professor!
Mark and Dora Chien 1981 Ph.D.

Here is an interview I did with our Dad about 20 some years ago regarding his family history and his youth in China:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNEky_Xomko

                                                     赵伯伯印象                                                  

海伦.  薛       

        初识赵伯伯，他高高瘦瘦的的，白皙红润的面庞，戴着一副金丝眼镜，谈吐非常儒雅，略带四川口音的国语，使我不禁想起了我的妈妈，值得感叹的 是，世界如此之大，又是如此之小，赵伯伯不仅是妈妈浙江大学的校友，更令人称奇的是，他们同是抗战时期内地迁到重庆石子山著名的慧文中学的学生，并且我外公是重庆市邮政局长，赵伯伯的父亲是领导他们的川东邮务长，赵伯伯 当即秀给我他父亲肩头有流苏授勋的照片， 给我印象 深刻。

         在他的眼镜片后有那样一双慈祥的眼睛，永远带着微笑，记得每到我公休的日子的清晨，我就会迫不及待的跑去“乐叙之家”，  带去他们最爱吃的苹果派，芝麻糊，奶油咖啡面包和核桃蛋糕等，那时我们常常还会共进早餐， 那份温馨和快乐会长久地留在心间。

         白天我们谈天说地，上至天文地理，下至如今的时尚风云，我们喜欢一起诵读那些脍炙人口的唐诗宋词，他一个学工科的，背起唐诗来， 抑扬顿挫，琅琅上口， 使你不仅惊叹一个80 岁老人的惊人记忆力，你知道，那该有多风趣！！我最爱听他如数家珍的谈论他当年叱诧风云的工作成就，他的老朋友，他的普度的家。 在乐叙之家， 每逢年节，总有亲朋好友寄 来一些食品水果和佳肴，赵伯伯的朋友非常多，经常有普度大学的老友看望他们夫妇，去年普度大学化学工程系的主任一行还特意来看望过赵伯伯， 在热情洋溢的酒会上第一位介绍的就是，德高望重 的该校杰出的教授——博士导师赵广绪先生，一众老中青校友爆以热烈的掌声，让我也有身为中国人的骄傲。

         父慈子孝，赵伯伯经常向我谈起令他骄傲的儿子， 他房间的墙上挂着儿子——Howard  受美国总统颁布的杰出贡献律师的奖状，但最令我钦佩和感动的是他有那样一个孝顺的儿子，Howard 是个世界飞人，工作非常忙，每月都有外出，但是只要他人在美国，必定来看望父母，带他们出去吃饭，去公园散步，去他的乡间别墅，真是令我汗颜，如果我要是早认识他们一家人的话，我就不会总是和爸爸吵架，那么不懂事了。

         做赵伯伯的家人是幸福的，赵伯伯和他的太太苏晶莹女士是48届浙大校友，又同是50年代台湾公派来美的留学生，他们非常享受生活，赵伯伯夫妇曾学了7年的专业舞蹈，是公认的舞会王子和王后，不少人都对我说，那真是太漂亮了！！美极了！！赵伯伯风流倜傥的，一表人才，总有女士会邀请他，可自从太太行动不便以后，他非常照顾太太的感受，从此不再跳舞。为了恢复太太的行走，他千方百计地去带她看医生，针灸，按摩，吃中药。每逢天气好的时候，我们会一起推着他太太去后花园晒太阳，聊天，他常常 抚摸着太太的头，逗她开心。相濡以沫60年啊，执子之手，与子偕老的真实画面总是一幕一幕的在我面前闪现。。。。。

         可叹快乐的日子为什么总是那么短暂，这一切的一切就像是昨天！ 那个星期，赵伯伯一听说要去儿子家了，高兴得什么似的，忙着去Trader Joe's 买儿子最爱吃的rhubarb pie , 买回的各种点心塞满了冰箱，如今送儿子的苹果派还冻在冰箱里。。。  斯人已去，驾鹤仙逝，我的心在滴血，我的良师益友，他的离去让我们觉得如此的不舍， 但不管怎样，我都相信赵伯伯在天堂里也一定是快乐的。为赵伯伯祈福！！

KC: 88 years old
The lady:  89 years old 

An Ever Lasting Smile – in remembrance of Kwang Chu Chao, Oct 2013

When an image of Kwang Chu appears in my mind, 
What I see is a huge smile -
Like a spring sun sending out its rays,
Brighten and warming up everything around him;
Like a giant flower bursting into bloom,
Cheering everyone near him.
What an engaging smile 
From a lanky tall man!

When K.C.’s image appears in my mind,
I see a gentle lady next to him.
That big-sister-like woman is the sweet Juin,
K.C.'s beautiful companion of life.
Ever so full with care, fun, and wisdom,
What a loss I have not seen them dance!
Oh! A couple made in heaven,
It breaks my heart that Juin is left alone.

The mind of a scholar and the heart of a child,
Full of innocence, curiosity, and joy toward life;
That is the image forever
Cast in my mind.

It is such a fortune for all your friends 
To get to know you and Juin as friends.
In the hearts of your friends 
K.C. You shall always be with us.

Our Dad was a remarkable man.  He was born and lived his youth in a more turbulent time than ours, and he overcame more hardship and suffering than we his children could ever imagine.  He faced epidemics, war, air bombings, revolution, separation from his family, immigration to an alien country, a sometimes hostile professional environment, and the loss of our brother Albert.  

In the face of this adversity, his achievements were stunning.  Professionally, he was recognized as one of the leading engineers of his day. He published over 170 professional papers, quite a few books written or edited.  He supervised 29 masters students and 28 PhD students. Early in his career he was the co-creator of the famous Chao-Seader Correlation, which I understand is known by all chemical engineering students.  At the same time, he and Mom devoted time to raise 3 sons who owed their success and happiness in life to the love and attention he and Mom gave us.  I did not fully appreciate how busy he must have been because we had a full family life.  I don’t know how he did it.

One reason for Dad’s success was his extraordinarily powerful intellect. He (along with our mother) was one of the very few exchange scholars sponsored by the Taiwan government to come to the US in the early 50s.  He had an extremely strong grounding in mathematics and a very logical mind.  Dad was one of the smartest people I ever knew. 

I won’t get into the details here about what a superb education Dad had, how he excelled at each school he attended, and how he generally ended up being at the head of his class.  Perhaps because of all this, he was a quietly but supremely self-confident man, sometimes infuriatingly so.  The problem was that he was right almost all of the time, so I suppose he had a right to be confident he was right.  The good thing was, he was never arrogant about it, he just laid out things in a matter of fact way.  But I do recall as a teenager, it did not go down well that your Dad was always right.

Another unique advantage he had was his incredible strength of personality.  You could call him stubborn or absolutely dogged, but he did not give up on anything he wanted or believed in.  This determination came out as he pursued his research and academic career, or when he tried to learn new skills (like the piano starting in his forties).

But perhaps his most defining trait was his value system.  He came from that line of Chinese tradition, untouched by the Cultural Revolution, in which what mattered most was the right thing to do.  He always knew who he was and what was important.  He was always courteous and civil, avoided saying ill of others, and disliked ostentation.  He had a great heart and it guided him even more than his logical mind.  And of course the thing he most cared about was his family.  He suffered deeply from his separation from his parents and siblings in China (from 1948 to 1973), and he made up for that by caring all the more for us, his new family. 

Relatedly, Dad was constantly generous to others.  I honestly don’t know how many people Dad helped financially to study in the US (he did not brag about it), but I do know it is a significant number.  It included not only relatives from China, but children of college classmates, and others.  Dad was a giver – he gave freely back to Purdue University where he taught, to political candidates, and I am sure to many other causes he believed worthy.

Dad’s siblings shared these traits.  I remember the first time I visited my father’s family in Chongqing in 1984, whom I had never met before.  It was then I first really understood what the term “treated like long lost family” meant, because that is how they treated me.  Their depth of feeling reminded me of how our father felt for all of us.  

Born into a privileged family in Chongqing, China, Dad told us about happy early years when his father ran the Sichuan Province post office as Deputy Post Office General (the head was an alcoholic Englishman who let him run things).  While his circumstances were I am sure better than most Chinese people of his era, Dad’s family faced great hardship during the war years.  He often spoke fondly of their traditional family home in Chongqing his father built (now the location of the Chongqing People’s Congress building), which was bombed out during the war.  The family escaped to a house in the countryside, where their family spent several memorable years, but lived a very rustic life. This period ended when one day he and his brother walked into town and heard everyone in the streets shouting excitedly that the Americans had dropped the atom bomb Japan, without knowing what that meant. 

I think Dad was also a good example of how some of the best American patriots are immigrants.  While Dad loved China, he became persuaded that America was the greatest country on earth, that the system here was fundamentally a good system, and that Americans were a good people.  Perhaps this patriotism was also fed by the negative example of China’a Cultural Revolution, in which so many of his friends and relatives suffered or died.  America did not allow that kind of thing to happen.  Dad was deeply grateful to this country for the good life that it had permitted him to earn for himself and his family. 

Dad was always a quiet tower of strength for us all.  He never panicked when things were dire.  He was calm, collected, and rational, and he was pretty confident he could work out any problem.  Perhaps because he was so successful, Dad was one of the most positive people I knew.  He was also amazingly patient – he did not ridicule slow learners.  When my brothers and I ran into difficulties at school or with our lives, we knew we had the ultimate fallback to turn to if all else failed – Dad. 

We all of course try to measure ourselves against our parents, perhaps hoping that we will not let them down.  I must say though that even at the ripe age of 59, I am still daunted at the thought of trying to live up to my Dad.  Dad did so many things right, without a lot of effort.  The rest of us have to work at it and still have a long way to go.

We are going to miss Dad very much.

Kwang-Chu Chao 

(1925-2013)  

K.C. Chao (BS ‗48 National Chekiang University, Taiwan; M.S. ‘52 and Ph.D. ‗56 both University of Wisconsin), was a contemporary and former laboratory partner of Greenkorn, where they both worked with Olaf A. Hougen. Known for the widely used and cited Chao-Seader correlation (this contribution was designated a Citation Classic in 1981), Chao brought to Purdue not only important industrial experience from his years with Taiwan Alkali Company (1948-1951, 1952-54) and Chevron Research (1957-63) but also academic understanding developed during his years at Illinois Institute of Technology (1963-64) and Oklahoma State University (1964-68). After several changes of scenery, K.C. found a home at Purdue and stayed here for the next 25 years. A meticulous and methodical investigator he developed an outstanding thermodynamics research group. Chao started with research in the area of measurement and estimation of thermodynamic properties of fluids. Notable among his accomplishments were a series of descriptions of molecular fluids, including the Chain-of-Rotators equation of state. On the experimental side, Professor Chao and his co-workers developed and exploited a unique experimental apparatus for measuring high temperature and high pressure phase equilibrium which found particularly fruitful applications in the study of the VLE properties of coal-derived liquids. 

K.C. coauthored the book Thermodynamics of Fluids with Bob Greenkorn published in 1975 by M. Dekker, Inc. One of his graduate students, Herbert M. Sebastian (M.S. '77, Ph.D. '80), has the record of the most papers published from his M.S. and Ph.D. work, 32 in all. A fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chao is listed in numerous biographical references, was named Honorary Professor of both the Beijing Institute of Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology and Zhejiang University, and appointed Harry Creighton Peffer Distinguished Professor in 1989 [This professorship honors the founding head of the School.] He was granted emeritus status in December 1993 and he received the 1994 Donald L. Katz Award of the Gas Processors Association in recognition of outstanding accomplishments in gas processing research and excellence in engineering education. A thermodynamics symposium was held in his honor on September 15, 1995, with a banquet attended by friends, colleagues and former students. Chao advised 17 and co-advised 12 MS and advised nine and co-advised 18 PhD students. He worked closely with Bob Greenkorn in thermodynamics research and they co-advised many of these former students. Many of his former students and post-docs became academics (see Appendix B). KC is a great gentleman and has a dry wit that he effectively couples with his accent. He was usually very calm in faculty meetings and rarely spoke. However, when he had something to say, everyone listened because there was usually significant wisdom included in the message. 

Dad once told me it was unusual for high schoolers to have their photos taken.  It just so happened that he and a friend had a day off to go into the city and had the photos taken on a whim.  

Yeye was a wonderful grandfather, and the source of countless childhood memories. I remember the delicious corn we would enjoy every summer together in Indiana. I remember him taking Andrew and I to see Star Wars and explore Toys R Us. I remember the long Ping-Pong sessions we had in the basement, and the A&W root beer that followed. I remember his air-gun and croquet set that I played with in his backyard. I remember that he taught me what a pharmacy was, and gave me an appreciation for Chinese history. I remember him encouraging me to learn Fur Elise at the piano. I remember our trips to the YWCA, and that we would sit in his Ford sport car and swab our ears with Q-tips after each swim.

Because of Yeye, I will always be a decent swimmer. He was an avid swimmer; he swam 600 meters the day of his final stroke. Not long ago I asked him when he first started to swim. He was about eight. His first swimming experiences were in a muddy pool dug up by a farmer to cool his water buffalo during the intense summer heat. He recounted a time a buffalo sauntered into the pool he was in; he promptly got out.

Yeye had a deep appreciation for education and books. In his early years, he would ask his father for money to buy books on chemical engineering, despite tough economic times. He told me how for much of his time at Zhejiang University, they lacked a library because of the war. Yeye encouraged me to invite reading into my life, and often gifted me terrific books.

I was an immeasurably difficult child, but Yeye has shown me nothing but love and understanding. I will remember him for his compassion, cheeriness, and optimism, traits that he carried with him through his later years. I am lucky to have him as my granddad.

I dug through my old emails, and found this old email exchange between us back in 2004. I thought I’d share it.

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Dear Yeye popo, 

I have a school assignment that I have to interview different people of different ages on what they belive the definition of love is. Can you tell me the way you define love? 

Daniel

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Here is my answer: Love is to desire the happiness of another person(s). 

How is your definiation?

Years ago, when you were much younger and more innocent, retruning home from a cruise to Mexico, you were met by a number of poor local children on the wharf. You asked your parents to let you take some of them home. That is love, pure love, perfectly fitting the defination here. Your request confirms an important truth: people are born with love for other people. Love is innate. I have felt better about the world since.

Love,

Yeye

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I will miss you, Yeye.

Love, Daniel